Car construction.



"v E, MOKEEN, JR.

GAR CONSTRUCTION. APPLICATION FILED JAN. 17, 1907.

Patented. Aug. 11, 1914-.

2 SHQGBTSAHBET 1.

Wi R. MGKEEN, Jn.

GAR CONSTRUCTION. APPLICATION FILED JAN,17, 1907.

atented Aug. 11, 1914 'forumup srArEs PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM R. MUK'EEN, JR., O GMAHA, NEBRASKA, ASSIGNOR T0 MGKEEN MOTOR CARCOMPANY, OF OMAHA, NEBRASKA, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

CAR AJONSTRUCTION.

arenoso.

Specilcation of Letters Iatent.

Patented Aug. 11, 1914.

Application tiled January 17, 1907. Serial-No. 352,725.

Jr., residing' at Omaha, in the county of' Douglas and State otNebraska, have in vented certain new and useful Improvements in @erConstruction, of which the following is a full, clear, and exactdescription, subh as will enable others skilled in the art to which itappertains to make and use the Stime.

' like.

One of the objects thereof is to provide a car body of light. rigidconstruction adapted to withstand without injury all shocks, jars andvibration incident to normal use.

A further object is toprovide a structure of the above typecharacterized by such distribution et the material used and suchcoaction of the constituent members as to endure abnormal impact andcrushing stress, as in lthe case ot railway wrecks. without seriousdeformation to itself or injury to its contents. l

Other independent objects are to provide 'features ot construction ofportions'of car trames which tend toward the attainment of the aboveaims irrespective oi' the relation in which they are used.

Other objects will he in partobvious and in part pointed outhereinafter.I

The invention accordingly consists in the .tentures ot' construction,combinations of elements and arrangement of parts which will beexemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the scope ofthe application of which will be indicated in the following' claims.

In the accompanying drawings, wherein is shown one of various possibleembodiments of my invention,-Figure 1 is a plan thereof, certain partsbeing broken away in order to show the construction more clearly. Fig. 2is a similar View in side elevation. Fig. 3 is a plan oi' certain partsshown in Fig. 1, the same appearing upon a larger scale. Fig. 4 is anend view. f

Similar reference characters refer to similar parts throughout theseveral views of the drawings.

Certain l:features and aims of this invention will be the more readilyunderstood V if the icllowing 4facts be borne in mind: The

unit.

latter member.

shocks andjars through which the frame of a railway car is loosened andits life short- ;ened fall, in general, at the end or the car, .at oraboutthe coupling.

If these shocks be localized in one frame element, as the center sill ofthe floor, there is a tendency to loosen the connections of thismemberwith the remainder of the body, and even if such stresses betransmitted' throughout the Hoor frame, there is a tendenc of the upperframe to rock with respect 't ereto. If these impacts, which areanecessary incident to the life of a car, are to be successfullywithstood and rendered harmless, they must be evenly diffused throughoutthe entire frame and thus received by the whole car body as a Obviouslythis applies with yet greater force' in connection with the abnormal.stresses incident to railway wrecks. It may also be noted that in thelatter emergency, as the contents of the car are often of more valuethan the car itself, it is 'highly important to protect the former fromthe effects of crushing o'r fire even though the car be wrecked. Theabove are among the dominant aims of this invention, and are, amongothers, attained in constructions of the nature of that hereinafterdescribed.

Referring now to Fig. 1 of the accom? -the adjacent-bolster, togetherwith the end of sill 6, form rigid means which extend from the end sillto the bolster, and are adapted to transmit any thrust exerted thereonto the A heavy The above construction -ls substantially identical atboth ends of the car, and as the same is in general symmetrlcal withrespect to its transverse axis the details of the structure willl be'given throughout with reference to one end only.

From end'sill 2 outwardly inclined braces 9 extend toward and areconnected adjacent the junction of the ends of the bolster 4 wlth Inathe side sills 1.v Extending from the braces 9 are braces 10 which areinclined outwardly toward and connected adjacent the junction of endsill tZ'with the sills 1. A cross member 11 spans the spaced portions 7,and is connected with braces 9 as is best shown in Fig. 3 of thedrawings, and these spaced portions are connected with the bolster 4 bythe short inclined braces 12,

Bolster 4 is braced from the side sills 1 by the vinclined members 13,and the center sill 6 is provided with inclined braces 14 stretched tothe-side sills throughout the length oit the car. lt may be noted,however` that these braces 14: are o ppositely inclined at opposite endsot' the c ar, as indicated in F 1 oit' the drawings, and the structureis thus equally well adapted to withstand a shock exerted uponeither endthereof.

Needle beams 15 are stretched between the side sills 1Z passing beneaththe center sill 6, and suitable tie rods 16 also serve to aid in holdingthe trame elements in proper relation one to another. The latter membersacting in conjunction with the inclined braces 14 torni in effect rigidtriangles which tend mate ially to stitlen the tloor franeJ of the carand to transmit the stresses to the hcai'y side sills thereof.

Referring now more specifically to the side framing ot'A the car, thereis yprovided a truss member 17 which is secured to the side sills andprojects beneath the same, as shown at 18, .thus serving to stiftenthese parts in a ve tical plane and to provide additional bracl. g forthe door 15), centrally disposed in the car trame. l? rom side sills 1and truss members 17 a brace 2O` preferably of integral form, bridgesthe door and is secured to the heavy upper side plate 21, the latterbeing mounted not only upon this member but upon uprights or studs 22andthe inclined braces Q3, each of which is stretched, as shown, betweenthe toot ot one upright and the upper end of the adjacent upright. Itwill be noted that as clearly shown in of the drawings, extensions ot'the uprightslor studs 2Q project below the side sills and are connectedwith the truss member 17.

The ,root frame is formed ot curved ribs Q4, and is covered by sheetsQ5, the sides of the car being preferably formed of metallic sheets 2G.

The end training as shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings, comprises a pair otuprights 2T and inclined vbraces Q8 stretched from the ends of the endsill toward the end roof rib 24.

The root .is provided with a walk 29, and upon the downwardly curvedsides thercot` ateaoh side oit' the root wall: is mounted a rail IBG,the same passing' through standards 81 riveted to the roof ribs. Theserails are so positioned by reason of the lateral slope of the roof as tobe substantially flush with the upper surface of the walk` and thus notto increase the eflective height ol the car, and are yet oit suchconformation as to act elllcctively as guard rails.

rl`he entire construction is iueicrably ot metal, with the exception otthe root walk. and there is provided a metallic door formed of sheets 32riveted to diagonal and cross braces and 34.

It may here be noted that the expression center sill is used throughoutthis description and the following claims in a broad sense ascomprehendingl not only a single but a multiple element which pertornsthe general functions ot a sill and is longitudinally disposed in thefloor frame ot a car body internxediate the side sills there of. It mayalso be noted that the expression side plate is used broadly throughoutas indicative of a longitudinal mem )er of the upper side frame of acar.

l`he action ot the above-described ein` bodiment ol my invention issubstantially as lollows: Upon any shock being exerted, as at thecoupling S, the same is transmitted by inclined braces fl and and by theabove-described rigid means to the bolster '4, center sill G andsidesills 1. The impact exerted upon the bolster is transmitted (o the sidesills not only at its ends but through the short bra'ces 13, and thethrust exerted upon the center sill is evenly difl'uscd throughout theside sills as by the inclined braces 1-/1` this action being identicalirrespective of the end of the ca' al which the blow ialls, by reason ofthe revcrscly in` clincd disposition of the braces 14- at opposite endsol` the car. From the side sills l the shock is transmitted throughoutthe en tire -iiramc by nprighls Q2 and inclined braces 223, the lattermembers being likewise oppositely inclined at opposite ends ol'l thecar. The bridging truss 20 aids in lhis action, moreover, and ispeculiarly ell'ective by reason of its lonar bearing against the upperside plate, permitting ot the most secure connection at this point,rl`he sheet metal ot which the car is formed aids materially indii'liusing all impacts thereon`r and the transmission of the same tothe upper side plate, from which point it is carried throughout the roofby the curved ribs Q4- and the metallic sheathing thereof. All tendencyot' the car to sag, moreover, at its central portion is overcome byreason of' the construction of the floor and side. frames, the ,latterportions with the sheathing seccured thereto forming in cii'ect plategirders, in which the heavy upper side plate and side .ill formrespectively the equivalents for t e upper and lower iianges. The endframing, moreover, by reason ot the disposition of inclined braces 28,tends to do lill o hal panni nes as to sans Whit nlm h1 y so amply nt ip si' inw the, 'ntal me prev @ses dem

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connected therewith, means connecting said side sills one with anotherat the end of the car, rigid means extending longitudinally from saidlast mentioned means to said cross member, and a pair of membersconnected with said irst mentioned means and inclined outwardly towardsaid side sills and connected adjacent the junction of said side sillsand said cross member.

3. In car construction, in combination side sills, a bolster stretchedbetween and connected with said side sills, means connecting said sidesills one with another at the end of the car, rigid meansextendinglongitudinally from said last mentioned means to said bolster,and a pair of members connected with said first mentioned means andextending outwardlj7 toward said side sills and connected adjacent thejunction of said side sills and said bolster.

e. In car construction, in combination side sills, a bolster stretchedbetween and connected with said side sills, means connecting said 'sidesills one with another at the end of the car, rigid means extendinlongitudinally from said last mentione means to said bolster, and a pairof members connected with said first mentioned means and extendingoutwardly toward said side sills and connected adjacent the junction ofsaid side sills and said bolster, said rigid means comprising a pair ofspaced portions adapted to-receire coupling means therebetween.

In car construction, in combination, side sills, a member stretchedbetween and connected with said side sills, means connecting said sidesills one with another at the end of the car, rigid means extendinglongitudinally from said last mentioned means to said cross member andcomprising a pair of spaced portions adapted to rcceire coupling meanstherebetween, a pair oi members connected with said first luentionedmeans and inclined outwardly toward said side sills and connectedadjacent the junction of said side sills and said cross member, andmeans connecting said inclined members one with another and spanning thespaced portions of said rigid means.

6. 1n car construction, in combination, side sills, a member stretchedbetween and connected therewith. an end sill connecting said side sillsone with another, rigid means extending longitudinally from said endsill to said cross member, a pair of members connected with said endsill and inclined outwardly toward and connected with said side sills,and a pair of members respectively connected with said last mentionedmembers and extending therefrom to the points of junction of said endsill and said side sills.

7. In car construction, in combination, side sills, a member stretchedbetween and connected therewith, an end sill connecting said side sillsone with another, rigid means extending longitudinally from said endsill to said cross member, a pair of members connected with saidend'sill and inclined outwardly toward and connected with said sidesills, a pair of members respectively connected with said last mentionedmembers and extending therefrom to thepoints of junction of said endsill and said side sills, said rigid means comprising a pair of spacedportions adapted to receive coupling means therebetween, anda memberconnecting said first mentioned pair of members one with another andspanning the spaced portions of said rigid means.

8. In car construction, in combination,

side sills, a bolster stretched between and connected with said sidesills, an end sill connecting said side sills one with another, rigidmeans extending from said end sill to said bolster and 'comprising apair of spaced portions adapted to receive therebetween coupling means,a pair of members connected with said end sill and inclined outwardlytoward and connected with said side sills, and a second pair of membersrespectively connected with said spaced portions of said rigid means andinclined outwardly and connected with said bolster.

In car construction, in combination, side sills, a bolster stretchedbetween and connected with said side sills, an end sill connecting saidside sills one with another, rigid means extending from said end sill tosaid bolster and comprising a pair of spaced portions adapted to receivetherebetween coupling means, a pair of members connected with said endsill and inclined outwardly toward and connected with said side sills, asecond pair of members respectively connected with said spaced portionsof said rigid means and inclined outwardly and connected with saidbolster, a pair of members respectively connected with said firstmentioned pair of inclined members and extending toward and connectingwith the points of junction of said end sill with said side sills, and amember connecting said first pair or' members adjacent their prints ofjunction with said last pair of members and spanning the spaced portionsof said rigid means.

10. In car construction, in combination, side sills, a bolster stretchedbetween said side sills, a center sill extending through said bolster,and a pair of spaced members secured to saidV center sill and adapted toreceive coupling means therebetween.

11. In car construction, in combination, side sills, a bolster stretchedbetween said side sills, a center sill extending through said bolster, apair of spaced membersy secured to said center sill and adapted toreceive coupling means therebetween, and a I against and secured toopposite sides of said center sill and resting within the flanges ofsaid side sills and arranged in a general yherringbone conformationthroughout the 'length ofthe car.

13. In car construction, in combination, a

` pair ot' side sills, a single center sill there between, and bracesstretched between and abutting against said center sill and said sidesills, and arranged in a general herringbone conformation throulghounthelength of the car, said braces being oppositely inclined at oppositeends of the car.

14. In car construction, in combination, a pair of side sills, a centrallongitudinal member therebetween, and braces stretched between andabutting against said central member and said side sills and arranged ina general herringbone conformation throughout the length of the car,said braces being inclined outwardly at `each end of the car 'in adirection from the end toward the center thereof.

15. In car construction,`in combination, a center sill of substantiallyI cross-section, a pair of side sills of angle cross-section, the

depth of said center sill being greater thanthat of said side sills, andcro members resting Within the inturned fla `ages of said side sills andpassing downwardly beneath said center sill.

bolster, side sills, and inclined braces eX-, tending from ortions ofsaid bolster intermediate lts en s to sald side sills.

18. In car construction, 1n combinatlon, a

bolster, side sills, inclined braces extendingl from portions of saidbolster intermediate lts ends to said side sills, a center sill, andinclined braces extending from said center sill to said side sills.

19. In car construction, in combination, side sills, a bolster, acentersill extendin' through said bolster, means connecting said side sillsone with another at. the end of the car, and a pair of rigid. membersextending longitudinally fromv said last mentioned means and connectedwith said center sill, said members being spaced one from another andadapted to receive coupling means therebetween.

20. In car construction, in combination, side sills, a bolster, a centersill extending through said bolster, means connecting said side sillsone with another at t-he end of the car, a pair of rigid membersextending longitudinally from said last mentioned means and connectedwith said center sill, said members being spaced one from another andadapted to receive coupling means therebetween, and inclined bracesextending from said center sill to said side sills.

21. In car construction, in combination, side sills, a bolster, a centersill extending through said bolster, means connecting said side sillsone with another at the end of the car, a pair of rigid membersextending lo'ngitudinally from said last mentioned means and connectedwith said center sill, said members being spaced one from another andadapted to receive coupling means therebetween, inclinedbraces-extending from said center sill to said side sills, and a pair ofinclined braces connected with said first mentioned means and inclinedoutwardly toward said side sills and connected there with.

22. In car construction, in combination, a side sil-l, an Iupper sideplate, a pair of upright members extendingr from said side plate to saidside sill land projecting below the side sill, bracing means secured tothe lower end of each upright and inclined upwardly to and secured tosaid side-sill at rights, and a'bracing member inclined uprights, and abracing member inclined upwardly from the sill to the plate and thencealong said plate and downward to the sill and bridging a side door tothe car.

In car construction, in combination, a side sill, an upper side plate, apair of upright members extending' from said side plate to said sidesill and project-ing below the side sill, bracing means secured to thelower end of each upright and inclined npwardly to and secured to saidside sill at points spaced from the corresponding uprights, spaceduprights stretched between said sill and said side plate, inclinedbraces extending from said sill to said side plate between saidupriglits, and curved roof-supporting 'members extending from said sideplate across to the opposite side of the car.

24. In car construction, in combination, al side sill, an upper sideplate, a pair of upright members extending from said side plate to saidside sill and projecting below the side sill, bracing means secured tothe lower end of each upright and inclined upwardly to and secured tosaid side sill at points'spaced'from the corresponding uprights, abracing member inclined upwardly from the sill to the plate and thencealong said plate and downward to'- the sill and' bridging a side door tothe car, spaced uprights stretched between said sill and said 'sideplate,'nclined braces extending from said sill to said side .platebetweensaid uprights, and curved roofsupporting members extending,` fromsaid side plate across to the opposite side of the car.

In car construction, in combination, a side sill, an upper side plate,means forming a side door between said sill and said plate, membersextending downwardly from said sill and substantially in alinement withthe sides of said door, a truss member extending from said silldownwardly over the ends of said rst members and thence inclinedupwardly to said sill, and means extending between said first membersand said sill, and tending to aid the same in supporting the load uponsaid sill.

2G. In car construction, in combination, a side sill, an upper sideplate, means forming a side door between said sill and said plate,members extending downwardly from said sill and substantially inalincment with the sides of said door, a truss member extending fromsaid sill downwardly over the ends of said first members and thenceinclined upwardly to' said sill, va bracino member inclined upwardlyfrom said sill3 to Said plate and thence along said plate and downwardlyinclined t0 said sill,l a plurality of uprights stretched `between saidsill and said plate, and inclined braces between said uprights extendingfrom said sill to said plate.

'27, In car construction, in combination, an end sill, means extendingupwardly from cach end or' said end sill and arched over the car, a pairof uprights stretched between said means and said end sill, and a pairof -inwardly inclined braces stretched between said end sill and saidmeans.

28. In car construction, in combination, an upper side plate, roof ribssecured to said side plate and arched upwardly therefrom, and sheathingmounted upon and secured to said roof ribs.

:29. In car construction, in combination, a car roof sloping laterallyfrom the center thereof, a walk positioned upon the center of said roof,and a rail positioned upon the lower portions of said roojt' at eachside of said walk.

30. In car construction, in combination, an upper side plate, roof ribssecured to said side plate and arched upwardly therefrom, sheathingsecured to said roof ribs, a walk positioned upon the upper portion ofsaid roof ribs, standards mounted upon the lower portion of saidroo ribsand secured thereto, and a rail mounted upon said standards` 31. In carconstruction, in combination, a car roof comprising a plurality of ribs,said root' sloping laterally from its central portion, a wall; upon thecentral portion of said roof, a plurality of standardsrespectivelysecured to said ribs at the lower portions thereof, and a rail mountedupon said standards.

32. In car construction, in combination, a

pair of upper side plates, roof ribs arched from one to the other c'said side plates, sheathing secured to said root ribs, an end sill,uprights stretched between said end sill and one of said roof ribs, andini-'.'ardly inclined braces connected with said rnd sill at their lowerends and with said root ribs at their upper ends 33. In carconstruction, in combination, a pair of side sills, end sillscminecting; .said side sills one with another, a pair ot' side plates,roof-supporting ribs connectinc side plates one with another, npr' glitsstretched between said side sills and t said side plates, inclinedbraces ctmnccted with said side sills and said side plates, up rightsstretched between each. of said end sills and the corresponding roofrib, and inwardly inclined braces each of which .is fconnected with oneof said end sills and the corresponding roof rib.

3l. In car construction, in combination, a

pair of side sills, end sills connecting` said side sills one withanother, a pair of side plates, roof-supporting ribs connwting said sideplates one with another, uprights stretched between said side sills andsaid side plates, inclined braces connected with said side sills andsaid side plates, upriglits stretched between 'each ot said cud sillsand the corresponding root rib, and inwardly inclined braces each ofwhich is connected with one of said end sills and the correspondinp,`roof rib, said first mentioned inclined braces being alternatelydisposed with respect to said first mentioned uprights, and said secondmentioned inclined braces converging in an upward direction. toward saidsecond mentioned uprights.

In car construction, in combinatimi` a pair of side sills, end sillsconnecting said side sills one with another, a pair ot' side plates,root'-supporting` ribs connecting said side plates one with another,npr-lights stretched between said side sills and said side plates,inclined braces connected ith said side sills and said side platos.,nprifhts stretched between cach of said cud sills and the correspondingroel' rib, inwardly inclincd braces each of which is connected with oneof said end sills and thc corrcsponding roof rib, and sheathing securedto said roof ribs and said uprights.

3G. In car constriution, in combination, a side trame comprisingr a silland an upper side plate and provided with an opening-,r adapted to forma door, and a` membra' sccnred to said sill at two points and cxtcndingover said opening` and sccnrcd at its upper portion to said side plate.

37. In car consti-lation, in con'ibination, a sill, an upper side plate,and means secured to said sill at two points and inclined said sill tosaid upper side plate and rc against and secured to said side plate.

fi (l CJI S in csiy eenslimclien b'lwlvion, a

adapted te a dem?, Cui'eel to sind sill i *we pi und l n, ing @versaill- Opening per portion te eid. si le pl" .ll being of sub-slainizillv eonsmnb L ugliont tbe length of lli@ 39. ln een: c(

reine,

. snclien, l

sill, :in upper j y :secured te Seial sill Uf l indizio@ i'eie said silll and. reeling i'; against a sill ba tliieiig1 wir@ side plaie,

and inelf .i ses:

iwlion, in ein bien jg@ sin@ subsite len b and depending bene sainebale-W aleen nieinbei', i peil. e.. b

l `l: mentioned means andi' will.; seid aille ilzites Wambel); sills, jmii: el, 'A clinecl liz-:ailles :mil ille ceii l En esii- @mieli ien, ineeinl'iinsalien, s'ule sills, a` bolster slretelieal between andcenneetell n' li seid side ls means eennecting sifle ,sills wily lienetliei* url die end el? lilie ear, iigi ils exlgenilinglengjitwlinnlly freni sziil lf means to sulil lm s' connected willi.sniil unil enlzeiiiliingg @uff i sills and :rennen-tee adjacent infiejunction el seid side sills unil said bolster, a pair of zipper side'gx-levies., unil inclined braces e0nnested between seiil sills and theCorresponding side plaies.

44. n Cai' eens'tim'lion, in combination, a. center sill, s pun 0l sidesills, inclined b 'i1-ces stretched betifeen seid. Centex sill and saidit nien'liened 'seid side sil side sills, :i pali' olf upper sideplaies, npi'igglls slnieliclied liieween said, siecle sills nel .sniilnippel' sills plates, and inclined. biz :Tf-s ceinieelecl beween saidsills und sind upper .side plates",

l5. ln mi eerif-i'bi'iic-lieii, in combination, e, een sill, a pair eLlside sills, inelineil bifiiees stiel fb d between siiill center sill andpiiii-l el u ppeiside plaies, upright@ stretched bemveen seid side sillsnul seid uiipei .side plates, and .inclined teil belive ien senilsidi-:sills and giles, sind. second. inclined narfzly llispesefl withresized, be seid, u pif unil being` oppesilzely ineliil l, nl; @ppn-sime'nllse {ll}t ln ein* eensibi'iielen, in eeinbinzition, i center sill,:i peil; el sills.,l inelineel es Lelieil belmfeen sind Center sill. and',ills, a, i fliel upper side plates, zi .N liliel between each 01" l ii il lille Corresp@ Kling side i riflripeil 'ine i'eifin i Lleey within'ine el the en?, ineens secured e efnfli e saiifil sicle :sills el:- twepeints and Ml over lille Gerini Hiding dem' incl selufl le tbeeeifi'espeinling sills plaie -above le ein min combina-tien, ,e sill, siside plete, ii pim ef "bis siiielzclie we n siii .l sill unal sind undsampled te lei'in dem' glleiebe ineens seein'efl to said sill :it l-WOgel); frein each of Juve/J. te seid side plate, s bridging said door,and a. plnolf inclined bi' will :and sfr-iid s mil ine-lined. upivmunt-s :incl

. inectecl between @le pliil. 1,.

in cembinatieii, liii'aililsy el up- .sli'eael l :mil .uid mumseeniieeeed winli salu sill zwo ninl inelinell upwardly from suele, ef

le said pluie, snill menus e ;l':nd new pui-:illel Wili :will cured tesind plaie, l. inclined. b 'al stielelied between said und said pluieinieinieilinte said. npiiglll/S.

:ln ein' eei'islriieiien, in eenlbinmion, e sill, :in upper male-plat@zi plurality of upiiglis stretched between said sill und said plaie,,ineens connected. with said sill :it two peine sind inclined upwzi-i'dlli'oin each el alle .me lo sziicl plete, saic` ineens parallel with inclseeui'eil le seid nl inelineil braces sti'etelieel beiween said ill :innsaid pleite inleinieclialze :1

i, seid braces being oppesilely in up @lime it apposite ends of the eau:

50` In cai construction, in combina-tion, :i sill, en 'upper .sideplate,

vof lie saine se snicl plete, said means ex- Y n plurality of lupriglits stretched between sziidlsill und sfiicl` lili?.

tending parallel with and secured to said plate, inclined bracesstretched between said sill and said plate intermediate said uprights,said braces being oppositely inclined at opposite ends of the car, roofribs connected with and arched upwardly from said side plate, a pair ofends sills connected with said side sill, and an inclined braceextending 'from each of said end sills to the corresponding roof rib.

5l. In car construction, in combination, a sill, an upper side plate, aplurality of uprights stretched between said sill and said plate, meansconnected with said sill at two points and inclined -upwardly from eachof the same to said plate, said means eX- tending parallel with andsecured to said plate, inclined braces stretched between said sill andsaid plate intermediate said up rights, said braces being oppositelyinclined at opposite ends of the car, roof ribs connectcd with andarched upwardly from said side plate, a pair of end sills connected withsaid side sill, an inclined brace extending from each of said end sillsto the corresponding roof rib, a center sill, and inclined bracesstretched between said center sill and 'said side sill substantiallythroughout the length of the car.

52. In car construction, in combination, an end sill, a pair of spaceddraft sills sei' cured to said end sill, a center sill embraced by saiddraft sills and having said draft sills secured thereto, a pair of sidesills, a pair of inclined braces extending from the junction of said endsill and said draft sills to said side sills, a bolster, and a pair ofinclined braces secured to said draft sillsin advance of said bolster.

A car provided with a center sill which consists of al continuousI-beam, and a pair'of draft sill members spaced away from each other andhaving their inner ends bent inwardly so that they embrace the web ofthe center sill member, substantially as described.

In car construction, in combination, an end sill. a pair of spaced draftsills secured to sa id end sill, a center sill embraced by said draftsills and having said draft sills secured thereto, a pair of side sills,a vpair of inclined braces extending from the junction of said end silland said draft sills to said side sills, a bolster, and a pair ofinclined braces secured to said draft sills in advance of said bolster,the inner ends of said. draft sills being bent inwardly toward saidcenter sill.

55. In car construction, in combination, a pair of side sills, a bolsterof `flanged form stretched between said side sills, a single integralcenter sill of substantially I-cross-section terminating` adjacent saidbolster, and a pair of relatively spaced draft sills having their innerends closely embracing and resting substantially against opposite sidesot the web of said center sill and secured thereto.

5G. In ear construction, in combination, a pair of side sills, a bolsterof ianged form stretched between said side sills, :i single integralcenter sill of substantially I-cross-scction terminating adjacent saidbolster, and a pair of relatively spaced draft sills havingr their innerend portions embracing and ri idly connected with opposite sides ot theweb of said center sill and secured thereto, said side sills, bolsterand center sill boing so positioned as to carry directly the llooring ofthe car.

57. In car construction, in combination, a

ypair of side sills, a bolster of flanged form stretched between saidside sills, a single integral center sill ofjsubstant-iallyI-crossseetion terminating adjacent said bolster, and a pair ofrelatively spaced draft sills having their inner end portions embracingand rig idly connected with opposite sides of the web of said centersill/and secured thereto.

5S. n underframe for cars con'iprising a single centersill, anddraft-sills the rear ends of which bend toward and lap past the adjacentend of the center-sill.

59. An underframe for cars comprisingbody-bolsters, a single centei'silldisposed between said holsters, and draft-sills the rear ends of whichbend toward and lap past the adjacent end of the center-sill.

G0. In car construction, in combination, a bolster; a single integralcenter sill of substantially -`erosssection terminating adjacent saidbolster; and a pair of relatively spaced draft sills having their rearends are ranged to lap past, closely embrace and rest substantiallyagainst opposite sides of the adjacent end of said center sill, andsecured thereto.

61. In car construction, in combination, a pair of side sills; a bolsterof llangcd form stretched between said side `sfills; a single integralcenter Sill ofsubstantially Lcross-section passing through the bolster;and end sill; and a pair of draft sills having their innerl ends bentinward, lapping past and rigidly secured to the web of the center sill,and their outer ends extending to and secured to the end sill.

62. In car construction, the combination of a pair of side sills; an endsill connecting the side sills; a bolster of flanged form in crosssection; a single integral center sill of substantially I-cross-sectionpassingr through the bolster and terminating between the bolster and theend sill; and a pair ot' draft sills secured at their outer ends to theend sill, spaced apart a distance suitable to rcceive between them thedraft rig, and `entending from the end sill toward the bolster to apoint inproximity to the end of the center sill, thence extending inwardtoward CIK sill; holsters extending from side sill to side sill andsecured to said Side sills and center sill; and draft sills arranged' inpairs at each end of the car, each pair'secured to one end sill,extending thence inward parallel with each other and separated t receivebetween them the draft rigging, Ithence appreaching each other andextending inward past the center sill, an rigidly secured te the webofsaid center sill.

64e. ln car construction, 'the eombinatin of a'fsingle center sill ofsubstantially I-crc'sssection; and draft sills at each end f said centersill comprising in' each'instance tw-c -metallic members, which at theirinner ends lap past and are'firrnly secured to the Web of thecenter-sill, thence separate a distance siicient t0- receive betweenlthem the draft rigging, and extend thence forward vor away from thecenter sill substantially parallel ,with each other; whereby stressesreceived by the draft sills at'one end of' the car are transmitteddirectly vtothe center sill, and

4through it to the draft sills at lthe opposite end 0f the car. f

In testirnny whereof I atlix my signature, i

in the presence oftwo witnessesl .WILLIAM R. M'c'KEEN, Je."

v Witnesses: l v' VH. P. VN Ansmm, Y C. W. LoUcKs.

